44 Lenin Avenue

A researcher's journey to Siberia

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Storytelling and narrative devices

Historians tell stories. That’s our job, or part of it. Unlike the novelist or filmmaker, however, historians are limited–at least in part–by available evidence on a given topic. We cannot, in other words, just make things up. This limitation aside, however, there remain almost countless ways that historians can tell stories, and almost countless methods by which historians access the past. For the “44 Lenin Avenue” project, I am trying a new type of storytelling, at least for me: a series of small stories, almost vignettes, of events that all took place within the same building, but in different eras. The story of the building, then, is the narrative thread that holds together the other stories (murder in 1909, Solzhenitsyn’s visit to the building in 1994). While unusual for academic publishing, this type of storytelling is not unique. Here’s a list of a few influences and/or similar types of storytelling projects:

  • Timothy Brook, Vermeer’s Hat. In this book, Brook examines the increasingly globalized world of the 17th century through a series of paintings by the Dutch painter Jan Vermeer, all painted in his studio in the town of Delft. Brook uses these paintings as windows into broader currents of global history. The paintings are thus a fun and useful narrative device to tell stories as far apart as a shipwreck of a Portuguese vessel off the coast of China, to Champlain’s search for a waterway that would take him through North America.
  • Ivo Andric, The Bridge on the Drina. Andric’s book is historical fiction, but follows the history of Bosnia and the Balkans from the 16th century to World War I by examining the life of the bridge, and the stories of those who were impacted by it. Andric paints a vivid picture of the importance of place, both how a place can affect the broader world, and how the broader world affects that particular place.
  • Francois Girard, dir., “The Red Violin.” I really loved this movie when it came out in 1998, a series of vignettes all based around the many owners of a mysterious red violin. Like The Bridge on the Drina, this story spans several centuries.
  • In the end, my method of storytelling in “44 Lenin Avenue” will hopefully resemble a layered microhistory, in which the story of the building is one such microhistory, and each event is its own microhistory. In this I am influenced both by Natalie Zemon Davis‘s classic, The Return of Martin Guerre, as well as Jill Lepore’s definition of microhistory as contrasted with biography (below), although I make no claim to even a tenth of their storytelling abilities.

If biography is largely founded on a belief in the singularity and significance of an individual’s life and his contribution to history, microhistory is founded upon almost the opposite assumption: however singular a person’s life may be, the value of examining it lies not in its uniqueness, but in its exemplariness, in how that individual’s life serves as an allegory for broader issues affecting the culture as a whole


– Jill Lepore, “Historians Who Love Too Much: Reflections on Microhistory and Biography,” Journal of American History 88.1 (2001): 129-144, quotation on page 133.

Monument vandalized

I haven’t posted much since the summer, in part because I am no longer “in the field.” Just a brief update, here. The monument “to the victims of Bolshevik repression” was vandalized just a few days ago, as someone used red spray-paint to place a bust of Stalin on the back of the monument. In some respects, I’m surprised this hasn’t happened more often. The monument is very visible, right in the centre of Tomsk, and Stalin himself has seen a bit of a resurgence in Russia over the last several years. Still, it’s a disturbing reminder of the contested memory of the Stalin era.

(Image from the Memorial Museum “NKVD Remand Prison” website)

Architecture of V. V. Khabarov

The building at 44 Lenin was designed by V. V. Kharbarov. Khabarov designed many buildings in Tomsk, a handful of which still stand. The buildings are brick. The Sliavianskii Bazar, which stands on the riverbank where the Ushaika meets the Tom’, is no doubt his best-known building. Some of the intricate brickwork on this building is repeated in the 44 Lenin building. In 1891, he received a gold medal directly from the future Tsar Nicholas II for the governor’s residence building, which still stands as the “House of Scholars” near the City Garden. 44 Lenin may have been his last building. Here are some photos I took on my phone of 5 of Khabarov’s buildings that still remain: 1) school at the Alekseevskii Monastery of the Mother of God; 2) Sliavianskii Bazar; 3) building at the children’s hospital complex; 4) 44 Lenin Avenue; 5) the House of Scholars.

 

The monastery school is the building on the right

The monastery school is the building on the right

 

Slavianskii Bazar, Khabarov's best-known building

Slavianskii Bazar, Khabarov’s best-known building

 

At the Children's Hospital

At the Children’s Hospital

 

44 Lenin Ave, up close

44 Lenin Ave, up close

44 Lenin Ave: plaque recognizing Khabarov

44 Lenin Ave: plaque recognizing Khabarov

House of Scholars

House of Scholars

Dostoevsky Conference!

Just a quick note: thanks to a Twitter conversation with @kab3d, I have the opportunity to present at the conference, “Crime and Punishment at 150,” to be held at UBC in October (preliminary program here).

How does my 44 Lenin Avenue research relate to Dostoevsky’s Crime and Punishment? Well, see my title and abstract, below:

“A Real-Life Raskolnikov? Crime and Punishment meets crime and punishment in 1909 Tomsk”
On the night of May 8/9, 1909 in the centre of Tomsk, Siberia, two students at the church-teachers’ school strangled their headmaster, the young monk and arch-reactionary Ignatii Dvernitskii. The murder shocked the town, with competing versions of the motives almost immediately offered in the local and even national press. The murder itself–the victim, the perpetrators, the location–quickly brings the interested observer to the themes of conservatism, anti-Semitism, student activism, religion, education, crime, and punishment in the reactionary period after Russia’s 1905 revolution. Curiously, however, one of the big debates at the time related to the influence of Dostoevsky’s Crime and Punishment on one of the perpetrators, a young man by the name of Gerasim Iurinov. Should we consider him a real-life Raskolnikov? Can Dostoevsky’s novel help today’s observer understand the murder of Ignatii Dvernitskii?

Tomsk Peculiarities

On Friday, while working at the research library (pictured here) of Tomsk State University (TSU, or ТГУ), I discovered that one of the questions scholars have raised about pre-revolutionary Tomsk revolves around its seemingly large number of pro-monarchist, ultra-nationalist organizations. imageFor instance, A. P. Tolochko shows that Tomsk gubernaia had by far the largest number of pro-monarchist organizations in Siberia, and that the city of Tomsk itself likely had the largest number of individual members. If at the end of 1906, beginning of 1907 the Tobol’sk region had 1 such organization, the Tomsk region had 11, despite very similar economic situations in both parts of Western Siberia. [see A. P. Tolochko, “Territorial’noe razmeshchenie, chislennost’ i sotsial’nyi sostav chernosotennykh organizatsii v sibiri v nachal’nik XX v,” in Chelovok v Istorii, edited A. N. Zheravina et. al. (Tomsk: Tomsk University Press, 1999), 198-206.] Continue reading

Murder Mysteries

The murder of Ignatii raises many questions, some of which were raised almost immediately by the St. Petersburg-based journal, Sibirskie voprosy (Siberian questions).

Bishop Makarii in Siberia. Photo via wikimedia commons

Bishop Makarii in Siberia. Photo via wikimedia commons

The murder occurred the night of May 8/9, 1909, and the suspects were arrested on the 9th. Many supporters of Ignatii, according to Sibirskie voprosy, gathered around the school, calling for a pogrom (like the 1905 pogrom in Tomsk – subject of another post!) against the students of the school. The murder investigation concluded quickly, and it was passed to a temporary session of the military district court. The court heard the case in November, 1909, and the two students were sentenced to death, commuted to katorga.

Continue reading

Siberian ‘Truth’

Ignatii Dvernitskii, the monk and headmaster who was murdered by two of his students in May 1909 at 44 Lenin (then Pochtamtskaia ulitsa), was also editor of Sibirskaia pravda, or Siberian Truth, from mid-1908 until the March 14th issue of 1909. The paper began publishing in January 1908, and was the newspaper of the Tomsk chapter of the “Union of the Russian People,” a nationalist organization associated with the Black Hundreds. The paper itself was very anti-Semitic. Indeed, a headline from the fall of 1908, which then continues as a banner until Ignatii’s last issue (March 14), calls for the expulsion of all Jews (using the offensive term, zhid) from the Russian empire. I’m curious as to why Ignatii was removed as editor. The following issue, March 22nd, states that the shake-up was a decision of the Tomsk Union of the Russian People, and that the reasons for the decision would become clear. The call for the expulsion of the Jews ceases after Ignatii’s removal, but the paper itself maintains a very anti-Semitic focus. Furthermore, Sibirskaia zhizn’, the main Tomsk daily, mentions a “schism” in the Union of the Russian People in March 1909. Anyway, it’s curious. I thought I’d post an image of the paper’s banner, which includes the tagline, “Russia for the Russians.”

Sibirskaia pravda banner

In Tomsk

General monument to the victims of Stalinist repression

General monument to the victims of Stalinist repression

 

 

I arrived in Tomsk on Friday, and spent the weekend exploring and adjusting to the time difference (14-hours ahead of Kamloops, although only five hours ahead of Central Europe, where I had spent ten days before heading to Russia). Just wanted to post, here, the photos from the square adjacent to 44 Lenin Avenue. This square includes several monuments to victims of Soviet repression. It’s relatively unusual in Russia to have these types of monuments in such a prominent location (44 Lenin is directly across from the mayor’s office). This post contains photos of the monuments:

Monument to the Latvian victims of Stalinist repression and exile

Monument to the Latvian victims of Stalinist repression and exile

 

Monument to the Polish victims of Stalinist repression

Monument to the Polish victims of Stalinist repression

 

Monument to the Kalmyk victims of Stalinist repression

Monument to the Kalmyk victims of Stalinist repression

 

New monument: Lithuanian victims of Stalinist repression

New monument: Lithuanian victims of Stalinist repression

 

44 Lenin Avenue: A Research Blog

Hi everyone,

This blog is for updates related to my new research project, “44 Lenin Avenue: Siberia’s tumultuous 20th century as told through its most remarkable building.” Construction of this building in Tomsk, Russia, finished in 1896, the year of Nicholas II’s coronation as the last Tsar of the Russian Empire. The building initially served as an Orthodox school. In 1909, partially due to revolutionary sentiment, the headmaster of the school, a very conservative Orthodox Priest (who had replaced a far more progressive headmaster) was strangled to death by two of the pupils. From roughly the mid-1920s to the mid-1940s, the building was the local headquarters of the notorious NKVD, Stalin’s secret/security police, and the building included a remand prison in the basement. In the latter decades of the Soviet period, the building was mostly a residence, with rooms in the basement used by youth clubs in the city, and in the post-Soviet period the building has included an internet cafe, retail shops, a bank, and a museum dedicated to the victims of Stalinist repression. In short, 44 Lenin Avenue encapsulates the tumultuous 20th century history of Siberia.

This project is supported by a two-year (2015-2017) Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC) Insight Development Grant. Grant money is being used mostly to hire student research assistants and for a seven week trip to Tomsk, from mid-June to early-August, 2016.

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